The goal of it work is to review the result out-of reproduce and you may age towards eggs creation additionally the eggs exterior and you will interior quality during the five Italian twin-mission breeds , at first and several days afterwards than earliest weeks laying craft you to occurred, correspondingly, at the conclusion of june/start of trip along with cold weather, under varying ecological standards.
dos.1. Animals and Rearing Requirements
Four Italian chicken types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), had been felt on the data. Your body pounds from adult women was step one.twenty five kilogram inside the PP, dos.30 kilogram inside Emergency room and step three.05 kg in RM and you will RL. Their resource ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP are an old regional breed; its source is actually old to the newest XIX century, however, zero precise research to your the genetic origin can be found. One other breeds are available inside Veneto inside 1950s: the Er reproduce originates from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you will Rhode Isle (brown eggshell breed) types, while into the RM and you will RL breeds, Brown Orpington and White The united states, several brownish eggshell breeds were used . Plus the mature lbs, this type of breeds disagree within their plumage colour: it is wonderful in the PP, Emergency room suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage try mostly light with black colored extremities in a lot of nations of one’s body, black feathers from primaries and you can tail and you will RL shows an effective tawny plumage which have black colored feathers from primaries and you may tail. All of the breeds (Profile S1) show unmarried comb and you can lay tinted eggshell eggs (Profile S2).
dos. Content and techniques
Birds regarding each breed hatched meanwhile (second half from e farm of your own Hub to own Poultry Biodiversity Preservation in the Veneto part (it consistently offers new rearing of these types too when it comes to eggs production getting incubation and you can brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), out-of hatching toward pubertal decades and you can regarding putting several months, and this come in the stop out-of june into start of trip (Profile step 1), depending on the reproduce. Serving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis actions had been an identical towards five types, since that time of hatching for the end of your own learned months, which was from inside the , at 53 weeks old. New freshly hatched chicks was leftover indoors for the earliest 4 months from lives, on an environmental temperature coming down from 32 so you’re able to 24 °C, lower than infra-red-colored rays lamps, towards the litter. Within step 1.5 months of age, the birds got totally free usage of backyard rooms, from spring season to trip and you may cold weather. Each reproduce (60 hens) got totally free access to outdoor (5 m 2 /bird) place (equipped with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens existed from day to night, also to interior (4 hens/m dos ) place (timber shavings and straw litter, which have perches and rounded feeders), mainly utilized to have laying egg (cumulative nests) as well as nights; the area (interior and you may outside) offered to for each breed was separated of the netting.
At the beginning of laying (at about twenty-two weeks of age into the breed having prior to onset of putting), for the September–October, depending on the breed, the brand new photoperiod was pure and you may coming down, depending on the seasons while the geographical position of your demo station inside the Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and for the 2nd several months (out-of 38 weeks of age, out of December in order to 53 days old), fake white try slowly increased (within the interior room, incandescent light bulb, on the 60 lux) to find a good photoperiod out of 14L:10D. Brand new photoperiod is actually managed because of the a timekeeper, and it try attained by turning on the fresh new light one hour before dawn and you may shutting off they one hour once sunset. The latest external ecological heat was 10 ± 3.cuatro °C and you may 11 ± step three.0 °C, correspondingly, into the basic (from the beginning out-of October to your prevent of November) while the 2nd (right from the start of January to the stop away from February) installing episodes, when the studies into the yield overall performance and egg quality was gathered. The fresh dogs were given advertising libitum industrial nourishes considering their emotional stage (around three diversified industrial feeds during the broadening period). For the earliest putting phase (26–33 months old, below coming down sheer photoperiod), if the breeds already been laying, the fresh birds got a commercial pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = thirteen.7 MJ/kg), from the a proportion of 1:step one. It is worth recalling one to, at this years, precisely the dual-goal and you may shaded eggshell types displayed a variable onset of installing and you will eggs production speed, whereas the fresh new hens belonging to the other kinds of the new Conservation Hub to have Biodiversity and you can hatched at the same time of your learned types, for instance the white eggshell types, failed to start installing (Padovana breed) otherwise they displayed an extremely scant installing passion (Polverara breed), never attaining the tolerance away from ten% hen–day eggs creation. The cause of the option of the latest Maintenance Hub, never to explore a feed getting putting hens through the this period, is actually due to maybe not pressuring the new pullets in order to egg manufacturing during a month which have coming down temperatures and photoperiod. The birds became outdoors, under favorable standards getting skeletal fitness, perambulating floor and you may under solar rays. From the back yard for every breed, the existence of turf offered to the brand new birds is actually highest throughout the newest increasing months than simply at the onset of laying, and therefore took place after the summer time, if rain are scarce and you will don’t support a good lawn regrowth. Away from 38 to help you 53 days old, and lower than increasing photoperiod, the new hens were fed a professional pelleted provide to own installing (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.5 MJ/kg, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Most of the feeds consisted primarily of Kinesiska heta kvinnor maize and soybean.